Prokaryotes: me nā hale a me nā hiʻona o ke ola

Ma kēia 'atikala e nānā mākou i ka' ole o nā prokaryotes a me eukaryotes. Mau meaola i loa okoa pae o ka hui. A kumu no keia - ka mall hiʻona o aaiaoe 'ike.

Hiʻona o ka 'ole o ka prokaryotic keena

Prokaryotes kapa a pau meaola e noho ana o kona mau keena loaʻa nuclei. Ka Poeikohoia mai elima Contemporary o Samuela wildlife e pili ana ia ia wale i kekahi mea - koʻohune. Prokaryotes, me ka 'ole o ka a mākou i kona hoomaopopo ana, i nā' elele o ka uliuli-omaomao līoho a me ka archaea.

I loko nō o ka nele o formalized ka Kora naʻEsau keena, i ka aaiaoe nā ka mea, aia no iloko olaila. Ua apono 'oe, e hoahu, a ke hoʻouna i aaiaoe' ike, akā, hoʻohaiki ana i keʻano o nāʻaoʻao o nā'ōlelo. Ua akamai a pau prokaryotes ia lŘlŘ ma ka māheleʻana i ia mau mea i loko o nā keena. By mitosis a meiosis ka mea, ua i hiki hoi.

Ka 'ole o ka prokaryotic a me ka eukaryotic

Hiʻona o ka 'ole o prokaryotes a me eukaryotes, i nā kūlana, he nui loa. Ma waho aʻeo ia ka 'ole o ka aaiaoe mea, Ua pili no hoi keia i na mea he nui organelles. Eukaryotes, i nā mea kanu, fungi a me na holoholona, iloko ma ka cytoplasm mitochondria, Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia, endoplasmic reticulum, he nui plastids. Ma prokaryotes, ka mea e nalowale. Ke kelepona hele pa, i mea a lakou, a me na mea e ae, kekahi Nine Inch haku mele 'ana. Ma koʻohune, ka mea, ua haku o ka luna 'carbohydrates, pectin a murein, no ka mea ma ka mea kanu ka mea, ua nānā' ana i kelulose, a me fungi - chitin.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Hiʻona o ka 'ole a me ka functioning o prokaryotes i kapa i kānakaʻepekema wale nō i loko o ka 17th kenekulia. A me keia mamua o ka mea i kēia mau mea ola ma luna o ka Honua, mai kona inception. I ka 1676 ka mea, i hookolokolo mua me ka'ōnohi microscope ma kona mea nāna i hana Antoni van Levenguk. Like a pau i ka microscopic meaola, ke nä känaka 'epekema i kapa ia "animalikulami". Ka manawa "koʻohune" Uaʻikeʻia wale nō i loko o ka kakahiaka 19th kenekulia. Ua kaumaha i ka luawai-ike German naturalist Christian Ehrenberg. Kaʻia "prokaryotes" hele mai ma hope, ma ke au o ka hanaia ana o ka huina'ine microscope. A ma mua, ua hoʻoholo kānakaʻepekema i ka oko ao i loko o ka 'ole o ka aaiaoe nakeke o keena o kekahi mau mea. E. Chatton i ka 1937 i manaoia e merge ma ke kumu o ka meaola i loko o nā pūʻulu: apau, a eukaryotes. Kēia mahele ole a hiki i kēia lā. Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 20th kenekulia ka mea i ike i ka likeʻole i waena o prokaryotes iho: archaea a me ka koʻohune.

Hiʻona o ka mea 'ilikai

ʻili prokaryotes i hoʻomākaukauʻia ninoieo o kaʻili lahilahi, a aeea pa. Kēlā me kēia o kēia mau wahi i kona mau ano. Lākouʻili lahilahi ua hana ia e kekahi papalua ahu iho la ka lipids a me nā polokina. Prokaryotes, nona ka 'ole oʻano primitive, he mau' ano o ke kelepona hele pa 'ole. Pela, ma Gram-maikaʻi koʻohune ka mea, ua hakuʻano nui o ka peptidoglycan, ka mea, i ka mānoanoa o ka 80 HI a me ka hanohano malaila a hiki i kaʻili lahilahi. A ano hiʻona o keia 'ole o ke alo o ka ili malaila ma i komo iloko o ka helu o nā lātoma. Ke aeea pa o Gram koʻohune ka loa lahilahi - i kekahi i kā mākou o 3 HI. Ua mea e pili ana i kaʻili lahilahi anuanu. Kekahi 'elele o ka prokaryotes mea nō waho, a mucous mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku. Ka mea, i malama i ke kino, mai ka maloʻoʻana, ma paʻi pōʻino, hana i mea hou osmotic ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai.

organelles prokaryotes

ke kelepona hele 'ole mai o prokaryotes a me eukaryotes he nui oko ao, aʻano nui iloko ma ke alo o kekahi mau organelles. Mau paʻa nā hale ho oholo i ka nui o nā meaola like me ka a pau. Ma prokaryotes, ka hapanui o ia e nalowale. Kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala i loko o kēia mau keena e wahi ribosomes. I ka wai prokaryotes loaʻa aerosomy. He kinoea cavities mea i buoyancy a hoʻomaʻa i ka degere o ke kaiapuni meaola. Wale i loko o prokaryotic keena loaʻa mesosoma. Kēia mau pā cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi ana wale i ka hoʻohana 'ana o Nine Inch fixation kāu kiʻina hana i makaukau o prokaryotic keena ma microscopy. Organelle ka hele koʻohune a me archaea i cilia a me flagella. A me ka IeIIeYOA i ka kūpapakū lawe inu ana. Mau hale i hanaʻia ma ke kumuʻiʻo-paukūʻolokaʻa engine, i kapa villi a me ka fimbriae.

He aha ka ka nucleoid

Akā, i ka loa nui likeʻole o ka 'ole o ka prokaryotic a me ka eukaryotic'ōewe. Aaiaoe ike i uluhia e nā mea a pau kēia mau meaola. Ma eukaryotes, ka mea, ua hoʻonaniʻia i loko o ka nucleus. Kēia dvumembrannaya organelle i kona iho mua, a ua kapaia o nucleoplasm, chromatin a me ka ili. Aia ua lawe mai i wale i ka papaa o aaiaoe 'ike, akā, i ka hoʻololi kemikala o RNA nā lātoma. Nā nucleoli mea a laila i hanaʻia subunits o ribosomes - na organelles kuleana no ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala.

Ka 'ole o ka prokaryotic nā'ōewe maʻalahi. Lākou aaiaoe mea ua hōʻike nucleoid paha nukelea kahua. DNA i prokaryotes e ole pūʻolo helu i loko o chromosomes a i ka paʻa annular 'ole. Ka haku mele 'ana i nā nā lātoma nucleoid RNA a me ka kumuʻiʻo. Recent makamake nui e hoohalike ai eukaryotic histones. Lakou komo 'ana i loko o ka a pāpālua hoʻi o ka DNA, RNA hoʻololi kemikala, Nine Inch' ole a me ka hoihoi hou ia ana discontinuities nukelea nāʻakika.

Hiʻona o ke ola

Prokaryotes, nona ka 'ole mea okoa ka manaʻo pohihihi, hana' ano luna 'keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke ola. Kēiaʻai, ha, nā'ōlelo o ko lakou mau ano, ana, pūnao ... A pau kēia mea hiki ia o ka hoʻokahi wale nō microscopic aeea kona Ana ka ÷ 250 mm o! No laila, i ka mea e pili ana i ka primitiveness hiki wale nō e pili.

Hiʻona o ka 'ole o prokaryotes i a me maomeka o ko lākou physiology. No ka laʻana, e hiki i ka paka i ka ikehu i ka ekolu aoao ka mea. Ka mua o ka fermentation. Ua ua lawe mai ma kekahi mau koʻohune. Ke kumu o kēia kaʻina i redox naoh i loko a ATP ua synthesized lātoma. Kēia Nine Inch i huiia, ma i splitting i loko o kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao ikehu ua hookuu. No laila, ka mea, ua pinepine kapaia "aeea o na pu ki". A hou iaoia ua ha. Ke ae pā o kēia kaʻina moe ma ka'okesaside o ke aloha 'ona. Kekahi prokaryotes i hiki hoi ke kāʻamaʻai. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike ona, ua uliuli-uliuli līoho a me ka lole makue koʻohune i pihaʻi me plastids ma keena. Akā, Archaea, ua hiki ia oe ke ole-chlorophyll kāʻamaʻai. I loko o kēia kaʻina hana, aole mea i fixation o ke kalapona'okikene lua, a me me ka ATP lātoma ia iho i hana ai. No laila, ma ka oiaio, mea a ianoiyuaa a phosphorylation.

ʻano o ka ai

Koʻohune a archaea - he prokaryote, he 'ole i leie aku ia i ka hana mana a me naʻano likeʻole. Kekahi o ia mau autotrophs. Mau meaola iho synthesize ke aloha i huiʻia i kāʻamaʻai. Ma ia prokaryotic keena nei chlorophyll. Kekahi koʻohune loaʻa ikehu ma ka splitting kekahi ke aloha i huiʻia. Lākouʻano o kaʻai kapaia chemotrophic. Me ka Poeikohoia o keia pae i hao - a me ka luaipele koʻohune. 'Ē aʻe hoʻokemu wale i ka pau i huiʻia. Ka mea, i kapaʻia heterotrophs. Ka hapa nui o ia i ka parasitic ola alakai a me ka noho wale i loko o na keena o nā mea. A oko o keia pae i kekahi saprotrophs. Ka mea,ʻai nō ma neoneo huahana paha e amo ke aloha mea. E like me 'oe ke ike, prokaryotes mana ano e loa like. Kēia mea hoʻokumu i kā lākou mau mea, he akea ka makana i loko o nā mea a pau habitats.

ano o ka pilikia ka pua

Prokaryotes, me ka 'ole o ka i ua poe ma kekahi halepaahao, hoonuiia ma kona papa i loko o nā māhele a opuu ae. Kēia hiʻona mea no i kā lākou aaiaoe 'ole a me ka hoʻomākaukauʻia. Aeaie fission kaʻina ua ma mua ma ka a pāpālua hoʻi, a me ka DNA replication. Ma keia hihia i ka nukeleaʻakika lātoma mea mua unwound, a laila, ua Loaʻaʻia i kēlā me kēia ili aku ai ma luna o ka loina o ka complementarity. Ke kūpono chromosomes diverge i na auamo. Ke keena mahuahua i nui, i hanaʻia ma waena o constriction a hoʻoholumua i kā lākou mau hope kaawale ana ia lŘlŘ. Kekahi koʻohune mea i hiki ke ho okumu i keena o asexual nā'ōlelo - spores.

Koʻohune a me Archaea: hiʻona

No ka lōʻihi manawa, a me ka archaea koʻohune, he mau elele o ke Aupuni Monera. Ua, ka mea, i nui like mall hiʻona. Keia mea kuhikuhi i ka nui a me ke kinona o ko lākou mau keena. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike biochemical haʻawina i ka mea, i ka helu o ka like hiʻona me eukaryotes. Keia ano o na nā'ūhū ma lalo o ka hana o i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi kemikala o RNA a me ka kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma.

Ma ke ala o ka hanai ana i ka hapanui o ia mea chemotroph. A, 'ona a i pipili ma ke kaʻina hana o ka loaa ikehu archaea i oi like. Kēia eiiieaena carbohydrates a me ka ammonia, a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia i huiʻia. Aia nō i waena o archaea a me autotrophs. Loa pinepine ka mea komo i loko o ka symbiotic pili. Parasites iwaena o archaea ole. Ka hapanui pinepine i loaʻa ma ka 'ano a me ka commensals Mutualists. Ma ka hihia mua, archaea i hānaiʻia e ka poʻe koa i nā puke, akā, mai kaʻi aku iā ia i kekahi ia ia ka poino. Haʻalele i kēiaʻano o ka symbiotic pilina me ka mutualistic pomaikai i loaa mai nā meaola. i metagenami kekahi o ia mau mea. Oia archaea noho digestive nenoaiie o nā kānaka a me ruminant mammals, ma o na la excessive kinoea ho okumu i loko o ka naʻau liʻiliʻi. Mau meaola hoonui aeaie fission, i opuu ae paha ma ka fragmentation.

Archaea ua E ke Kumu aneane pau habitats. Ka mea, ua oi loa like i loko o ka plankton. Initially, a pau archaea e pili ana i ka pae ana o extremophiles, e like me ka mea e hiki ke noho me ka hoki, a me ka Reservoir me kiʻekiʻe'ōmiko, a me ka hohonu me ka nui puʻe.

Ke kumukuai o ka prokaryotic ma ka ano a me ka kanaka ola

Ke kūlana o nā prokaryotes ma ka ano mea nui. Mua o nā mea a pau, ka mea, i ka mea mua e noho ana meaola i originated ma luna o ka Honua. ʻepekema, ua loaʻa i koʻohune a me archaea ikea mai la ma kahi o 3.5 ieeeea makahiki aku nei. Symbiogenesis kumumanaʻo paipai ia iho mai o lakou, a me kekahi mau organelles o eukaryotic keena. Ma kekahi, ua e kamailio e pili ana i na plastids a me mitochondria.

He nui prokaryotes i hoʻohana 'ia ma biotechnology e paka laau lapaau, antibiotics, nā'ūhū, hormones, fertilizers a me herbicides. Man Ua lōʻihi ua hoʻohana 'ana i ka pono waiwai o lacticʻakika koʻohune no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka waiū, yogurt, yogurt, kaʻawaʻawaʻana me nā huahana. Me kēia mau meaola ma, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe loko a me ka lepo i ka lole o kekahi mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Koʻohune nāna i hana i ka intestinal microflora kānaka a me na holoholona. A me ka archaea ka mea, hana kalapona nui 'ona: naikokene, ka hao, ka luaipele, a me ka hydrogen.

Ma ka kekahi lima, he nui koʻohune i ka causative konohiki o ka pilikia maʻi ma ka hooponopono ana i ka helu ana o na mea he nui laha 'o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Ka mea, i ka mai ino, syphilis, cholera, anthrax, diphtheria.

No laila, kapaʻia prokaryotes meaola kona keena nele nuclei puka mai ai. Lākou aaiaoe mea loaʻa ka nucleoid oia hoi o ka hoʻopoepoe DNA lātoma. Mai kēia meaola i prokaryotes nā koʻohune a me archaea.